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若开军的惨痛历史——与印度的血海深仇(英译汉)
译者注：大家可能不知道，其实若开军和印度有着血海深仇！大家可能都知道若开军是通米能少将2009年创立的，其实通米能是重新创立的若开军，最早的若开军在1991年就成立了，当时的领导人是凯拉扎将军。1998年，印军欺骗若开军，许诺把印度的安达曼群岛的兰德福岛给若开军作为基地，作为他们的安身之处。1998年2月10日，若开军迁到了兰德福岛，没想到印军在第二天早晨发动突袭，打死了凯拉扎等共4名领导和另外2名士兵，把其他人全部关押起来达十几年，成立刚好7年1个月的若开军全军覆没。
本文选自The Diplomat杂志。
25 years ago this week, India’s army crushed an incipient Rakhine separatist force in the Andaman Islands. In western Myanmar, memories of the incident linger.
本周时间25年前(译者注：1998年2月10日这一周)，印度军队在印度安达曼群岛击溃了一支刚成立不就的缅甸若开邦分裂主义武装。在缅甸西部，人们对这一事件记忆犹新。
Twenty-five years ago this week, India’s government betrayed the people of Rakhine State in western Myanmar, when its armed forces smashed a nascent Rakhine revolutionary group in a remote part of the Andaman Islands. In the years since, the Indian government has never referred publicly to the incident, but it continues to resonate among the Rakhine people, who remember it as Gen. Khaing Raza’s Day, or Betrayal of India over Rakhine Revolution Day. In a 2009 book, the prominent Indian human rights lawyer Nandita Haksar described the incident as “infamous.”
本周时间25年前，印度政府背叛了缅甸西部若开邦的人民，印度武装部队在安达曼群岛的一个偏远地区粉碎了一个刚成立不久的若开革命组织。此后数年，印度政府从未公开提及这一事件，但这一事件在若开邦人民中继续震荡，他们将这一天称为“凯拉扎将军日”(Gen. Khaing Raza's Day)或 “印度背叛若开革命日”(Betrayal of India over Rakhine Revolution Day)。印度著名人权律师南迪塔·哈克萨(Nandita Haksar)在2009年出版的一本书中将这一事件描述为“臭名昭著”。
On the morning of February 11, 1998, the Indian military launched a brutal operation codenamed Leech, in which it raided Landfall Island in the Andaman Sea, arresting at least 73 people, and killing at least six rebels. These included the Arakan Army commander Gen. Khiang Raza and Maj. Soe Tun and two leaders of the Karen National Union.
1998年2月11日上午，印度军方发起了代号为“水蛭”的野蛮行动，突袭了安达曼海的兰德福岛(Landfall Island)，逮捕了至少73人，并杀害了至少6名叛军。被杀害的人中包括若开军指挥官凯拉扎将军和索吞(Soe Tun)少校，以及克伦民族联盟的两名领导人。
As the India-based news outlet Quint reported in 2019, 35 of the 73 people arrested were fishermen and were released after a year of detention on the island; two were Thai boatmen who were also released; two more reportedly tried to escape and went missing. The remaining 34 people were Rakhine and Karen rebels from Myanmar. Their trial took place in secret, and they were held in jail for 13 years, six-and-a-half of those years without charge. The 34 men were only released in 2011, when they were granted refugee status by the United Nations refugee agency and resettled in the Netherlands.
据印度“第五新闻网(Quint)”2019年报道，被捕的73人中有35人是渔民，在岛上被关押一年后获释；两人是泰国船夫，也已获释；另有2人据说试图逃跑后失踪。其余34人是来自缅甸的若开族和克伦族叛军。印度对他们进行了秘密审判，关押了他们13年，其中6年半没有受到指控。这34名男子直到2011年才获释，联合国难民机构授予了他们难民身份，并将他们安置在荷兰。
The violent incident brought to a premature end the first serious attempt to form a Rakhine nationalist resistance against Myanmar’s military junta. The Arakan Army (AA) was initially formed in February 1991 by a group of patriotic Rakhines including Gen. Khaing Raza, with support from the Karen National Union (KNU), on the Myanmar-Thailand border. Shortly after its formation, at least 60 AA rebels attempted to travel from southeast Myanmar to Rakhine State on the Myanmar-Bangladesh border in early May 1991. The group confronted clashes for a month with the Myanmar military, and only 40 of them arrived at the border safely. In 1992, and 1993, the group sent a couple more consignments of troops and weapons from the Myanmar-Thailand border to the Bangladesh border area.
若开邦第一次尝试认真组建反抗缅甸军政府的民族武装，在这次暴力事件中提前结束。1991年2月，在克伦民族联盟(KNU)的支持下，一群爱国的若开人，包括凯拉扎将军在内，在缅泰边境组建了若开军(AA)。成立后不久，1991年5月初，至少60名若开军士兵试图从缅甸东南部前往缅甸、孟加拉国边境的若开邦。该组织与缅甸军方发生了长达一个月的冲突，只有40人安全抵达边境。1992年和1993年，该组织又从缅泰边境向孟加拉国边境地区运送了几批部队和武器。
In January 1994, at least four Rakhine revolutionary groups made the historic decision to merge into a single organization: the National United Party of Arakan (NUPA), with an armed wing, also known as the Arakan Army (AA). The group’s goal was home rule for the Rakhine. The AA was at this point re-formed under the leadership of seven commanders, including Gen. Khaing Raza and Maj. Saw Tun. By 1997, the strength of the army had grown to 500 troops armed with some 200 rifles, and it had established a small naval force.
1994年1月，至少有四个若开邦革命组织做出了历史性的决定，合并成一个统一的组织——若开民族团结党(NUPA)，其武装部门被称为若开军。该组织的目标是若开邦的地方自治。此时，若开军在七名指挥官的领导下重新组建，其中包括凯拉扎将军和索吞少校。到1997年，兵力已增至500人，配备约200支步枪，并建立了一支小型海军部队。
India’s Betrayal
印度的背叛
After the Arakan Army (AA)’s formation in 1991, Khaing Raza established a good relationship with officers from the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), India’s foreign intelligence agency, with whom he regularly shared information. Three years after the Rakhine revolutionary groups merged in 1994, these relations improved further and RAW officers eventually introduced Khaing Raza to a number of Indian military commanders and intelligence officers. Chief among these was the military intelligence officer Lt.-Col. Biswajit Singh Grewal, who notably had been born in Myanmar and studied at the University of Mandalay, and was fluent in the Burmese language. (He even had a Burmese name, Nay Win). In January 1995, Lt.-Gen. Pradeep Chandran Nair, commander in chief of the Assam Rifles, visited the NUPA/AA base along the India-Myanmar border, and met with Khaing Raza.
1991年若开军成立后，拉扎与印度对外情报机构——调查分析局的官员建立了良好的关系，并定期与他们分享情报。1994年，若开邦革命组织合并3年后，双方关系进一步改善，调查分析局官员最终将凯拉扎介绍给了一些印度军事指挥官和情报官，其中最主要的是军事情报官员比斯瓦吉特·辛格·格鲁瓦(Biswajit Singh Grewal)中校，他出生在缅甸，曾就读于曼德勒大学，精通缅甸语，他甚至还有一个缅甸名字叫奈温。1995年1月，阿萨姆步枪队总司令普拉迪普·钱德兰·奈尔(Pradeep Chandran Nair)中将访问了印缅边境的若开军基地，并会见了凯拉扎。
In early 1997, theNUPA/AA and KNU top leaders decided to establish a base in the Andaman Sea, to provide them access to the Ayeyarwady River delta in southern Myanmar. Maj. Saw Tun spoke to Lt. Col. Grewal, who initially allowed the NUPA/AA to set up a base first on Narcondam island, and then on Landfall Island, in the north of the Andaman Islands chain, around 300 kilometers from Myanmar’s coast.
1997年初，若开军，以及克伦民族联盟的最高领导人决定在安达曼海建立一个基地，以便他们能够进入缅甸南部的伊洛瓦底江三角洲。索吞少校与格鲁瓦中校进行了交谈，格鲁瓦中校最初允许若开军先在纳康达姆岛(Narcondam)建立基地，然后再在安达曼群岛链北部的兰德福岛建立基地，兰德福岛距离缅甸海岸约300公里。
A month later, Saw Tun was taken to Landfall Island on an Indian Army flight, alongside Grewal. In May of that year, the NUPA/AA marine commander, Maj. Khaing Kyaw Khaing, and his group had attempted to reach the island by sea, but they gave up due to a heavy storm in the area. Next month, Grewal flew to Bangkok to meet with KNU and NUPA/AA leaders, and agreed that they could relocate to the island on February 11, 1998.
一个月后，索吞和格鲁瓦一起乘坐印军飞机前往兰德福岛。同年5月，若开军海军指挥官凯觉凯(Khaing Kyaw Khaing)少校和他的小组曾试图从海上抵达该岛，但由于该地区暴风雨太大，他们放弃了这次行动。6月，格鲁瓦飞往曼谷与克伦民族联盟和若开军领导人会面，并同意他们于1998年2月11日迁往该岛。
On February 8, 1998, a group of 40 men – 27 from the NUPA/AA and 13 from the KNU – led by Khaing Raza and Saw Tun departed for Landfall Island in two ships from the coast of Tanintharyi Region in southern Myanmar. They arrived on the evening of February 10 and slept one night there.
1998年2月8日，凯拉扎和索吞率领的一支 40人的队伍(其中27人来自若开军，13人来自克伦民族联盟)乘坐两艘船从缅甸南部的德林达依省海岸出发前往兰德福岛。他们于2月10日傍晚抵达，并在岛上睡了一晚。
Then, early the next morning, Indian military officers, including Grewal, launched Operation Leech, executing at least four leaders from the NUPA/AA including Khaing Raza and Saw Tun, two KNU leaders, and two other Myanmar rebels. As mentioned above, the remaining 34 were taken into custody.
第二天清晨，包括格鲁瓦在内的印度军官发动了“水蛭行动”(Operation Leech)，打死了至少4名若开军领导人，包括凯拉扎和索吞，两名克民盟领导人，另外还有两名缅甸叛军。正如上文中所说，剩下的34人被拘押。
The Indian military informed New Delhi that Operation Leech had smashed a group of “gunrunners” who had been aiding anti-Indian separatists in the country’s northeast. However, former Khaing Kyaw Khaing, formerly one of seven founding commanders of the AA, told this author recently that the leaders aimed to fight the military regime in Myanmar, and went to Landfall Island trusting India’s promise that it would allow them a safe haven there. He said that the Indian military completely destroyed the embryonic Rakhine revolutionary force, describing it as an unforgettable betrayal of “all of our Arakanese.”
印度军方向印度政府通报说，“水蛭行动”粉碎了一伙“军火走私者”，他们一直在帮助印度东北部的反印分裂分子。然而，前若开军7名创始人指挥官之一凯觉凯(Khaing Kyaw Khaing)最近对本文作者说，他们的目的是打击缅甸军政权，他们相信了印度将允许他们在兰德福岛获得安身之处的承诺。他说，印度军方彻底摧毁了刚刚萌芽的若开邦革命武装，“若开人”难以忘掉印军的背叛。
Indeed, DB Nandi, a former Indian intelligence officer and RAW deputy chief who worked in Myanmar, told The Guardian in 2007 that the Indian military operation was explicitly intended to destroy the Rakhine revolutionary movement. In 2019, Grewal, now retired, told local news outlets that the operation was not carried out on the army’s own initiative, and that it had approval from New Delhi.
南迪(Nandi)是一名曾在缅甸工作过的前印度情报官员，任印度调查分析局副局长，他曾在2007年对英国《卫报》说，印度的军事行动目的明确，就是要摧毁若开邦的革命运动。2019年，现已退休的格鲁瓦告诉当地新闻媒体，这次行动并非由军队主导，而是得到了印度政府的批准。
After the events on Landfall Island in 1998, few people in western Myanmar believed that a Rakhine rebellion against the Myanmar military could succeed, given India’s evident hostility to the cause and the group’s inability to establish a base along the Myanmar-India border. It was only since the rebirth of the Arakan Army in 2009 that these dreams of Rakhine home rule have stirred back to life.
1998年兰德福岛事件发生后，缅甸西部几乎没有人相信若开邦反缅甸军方的起义会取得成功，因为印度对若开邦的这一大业抱有明显的敌意，若开军也无法在缅印边境建立基地。直到2009年若开军重建之后，才重新燃起若开邦的自治梦想。
The New Arakan Army and Its Relations with New Delhi
若开军与印度政府的关系
Fifteen years after the Indian army smashed the NUPA/AA on Landfall Island, another version of the Arakan Army was formed by Maj. Gen. Twan Mrat Naing and 25 comrades in April 2009 in Laiza, on the Chinese border in Kachin State, with support from the Kachin Independence Army (KIA).
印军在兰德福岛击溃若开军15年后，2009年4月，在克钦邦独立军的支持下，通米能(Twan Mrat Naing)少将和25名战友在克钦邦中国边境的拉扎市(Laiza)组建了另一个版本的若开军。
In the years since, the AA has grown considerably. It now has 30,000 troops under arms, mainly in Rakhine State, though at least 6,000 troops are stationed in areas controlled by the AA’s allies in the north and northeast of the country. Recently, the group’s political wing, the United League of Arakan (ULA), claimed that it enjoyed de facto control over two-thirds of Rakhine. During 2018-2020, analysts described fighting between the AA and the Myanmar military as the fiercest Myanmar had seen in decades.
此后几年，若开军发展壮大。目前，若开军拥有3万名士兵，主要驻扎在若开邦，但至少有6000名士兵驻扎在缅甸北部和东北部由若开军盟友控制的地区。最近，若开军的政治部门“若开民族联盟”声称，它实际控制了若开邦三分之二的地区。分析人士称，2018-2020年期间，若开军与缅甸军方之间的战斗是缅甸几十年来最激烈的一次。
Relations between the New Delhi government and the ULA/AA during the armed conflict of 2018-2020 have been curious. Although India is the world’s largest democracy, its government has traditionally maintained good relations with Myanmar’s military. From February 17 to March 2, 2019, amid fighting between the AA and Myanmar military in Rakhine State, the Indian military took part in the joint Operation Sunrise with the Myanmar military against the AA in the India-Myanmar border area. Its operation was intended to eliminate the AA from the border region, where India is hoping to implement the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project connecting Mizoram to Kolkata via Rakhine State’s capital Sittwe.
在2018-2020年武装冲突期间，印度政府若开军之间的关系令人感觉奇怪。虽然印度是世界上最大的民主国家，但印度政府历来与缅甸军方保持着良好关系。2019年2月17日至3月2日，在若开军与缅甸军方在若开邦交战期间，印军参加了与缅军在印缅边境地区针对若开军的联合行动——“日出行动”。该行动目的是消灭印缅边境地区的若开军，印度希望，在印缅边境实施经若开邦首府实兑连接米佐拉姆和加尔各答的“卡拉丹多式联运项目”。
The Indian government seemingly believed that the armed movement of the ULA/AA was just a temporary uprising and that the Myanmar military would eventually be able to eradicate the insurgents. However, the armed conflict of 2018-2020 ended with AA still in control of its main strongholds in Rakhine, which seems to have shifted opinion within Indian decision-making circles about the need to negotiate with the ULA/AA. On August 11 of last year, for instance, the ULA/AA spokesperson said in an online press conference that the group had taken part in negotiations with New Delhi on the implementation of the Kaladan project.
印度政府似乎认为，若开军的武装运动只是暂时的起义，缅甸军方最终能够铲除叛乱分子。然而，2018-2020年的武装冲突结束时，若开军仍控制着其在若开邦的主要据点，这似乎改变了印度决策层内对与若开军谈判的必要性的看法。例如，2022年8月11日若开军发言人在一次在线新闻发布会上表示，若开军已就“卡拉丹多式联运项目”的实施与新德里举行了会谈。
However, the Indian government still hasn’t openly engaged with the ULA/AA, and in order to maintain good relations with the Myanmar military, has remained mostly silent about the atrocities committed by the military since its coup on February 1, 2021, despite the junta arresting over 17,000 and killing nearly 2,900 of its own citizens, including children. Instead, the Indian government is trying to finalize and implement the Kaladan transport project. On January 9, India’s Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal said the project was “ready to operate.”
不过，印度政府仍未与若开军公开接触。自2021年2月1日政变以来，军政府逮捕了17000多人，杀害了近2900名本国公民，其中包括儿童，但为了与缅甸军方保持良好关系，印度政府对缅甸军方的暴行一直保持沉默。相反，印度政府正试图敲定并实施“卡拉丹多式联运项目”。2023年1月9日，印度联邦部长萨巴南达·索诺瓦尔(Sarbananda Sonowal)表示，该项目已“准备就绪，可以投入运营”。
Overall, India’s current approach toward Myanmar is puzzling. The local security apparatus in India’s eastern provinces has frequently arrested not just the members of the anti-junta resistance but also refugees who have fled across the Myanmar-India border due to Myanmar military attacks. Another critical issue is the fact that the Myanmar junta forces have used Indian rebel forces to stage attacks against the resistance in the upper Sagaing Region, close to India’s border.
纵观全局，印度目前对缅甸的策略令人费解。印度东部省份的地方安全机构不仅经常逮捕反军政府抵抗组织的成员，还经常逮捕因缅甸军队袭击而越过缅印边境逃亡的难民。另一个关键问题是，缅军部队曾利用印度叛军袭击实皆省北部的抵抗力量。
However, the growing strength of the Rakhine movement for home rule, led by the ULA/AA, demonstrates that New Delhi’s strategy toward the current junta is serving neither its national interest nor the interests of the Myanmar people. When it comes to the Kaladan project in northern Rakhine State, a priority for New Delhi, the government’s current approach is mostly counterproductive, given the ULA/AA’s influence over the Rakhine State.
然而，由若开军领导的若开邦自治运动日益壮大，这表明印度政府对现在的缅甸军政府采取的战略既不符合印度的利益，也不符合缅甸人民的利益。若开邦北部的“卡拉丹多式联运项目”是印度政府优先考虑的项目，鉴于若开军对若开邦的影响力，印度政府目前的做法大多适得其反。
Now is the time for New Delhi to remedy the mistakes in its policy toward the Rakhine conflict and the country’s anti-junta resistance movement more broadly. A good place to start would be to acknowledge India’s betrayal of the Rakhine revolution in 1998 and atone for its past mistakes by forging a new cooperative path with the Rakhine people.
现在是印度政府纠正其对若开邦冲突和缅甸反军政府抵抗运动错误政策的时候了。一个好的开端就是要承认印度在1998年背叛了若开邦革命，并通过与若开邦人民建立新的合作关系来弥补过去的错误。 |
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发表于 2024-2-20 07:11
村长野望（缅甸版）
